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 SKODA AUTO Start up Year : 1895 Country :  Czech Republic Company Founder : Vaclav  Laurin & Vaclav klement Skoda auto is a Czech automobile manufacturer build in 1925 as the successor to Laurin & klement and headquartered in Ml ada Boleslaw , Czech Republic . In 1948 it worked became state owned . After 1991 , it was gradually privatized to the German multinational conglomerate Volkswagen Group, becoming a partial subsidiary in 1994 and a wholly owned subsidiary in 2000 Company First Logos This automobile are sold  over 100 countries and total global sales reaches 1.25 million units in 2018 an increase in 4.4% from the previous year The operating profit was €1.6 billion in 2017 , an increase of 34.6% over the previous year. [ 7 ][ 8 ] As of 2017 , Skoda's profit margin was the second-highest of all Volkswagen AG brands after Porsche Production T hese cars are now manufactured in factories in Czech Republic  ( 635,213 cars ), India ( 55,750 ...

  MERCEDES BENZ Company Founder :  Mercedes Benz A.G Start-up Year : 1883 Country : Germany Mercedes Benz Group AG is a German multinational Automotive company headquarters in Stuttgart, , Baden -Wurttemberg , Germany . It is one of the world's leading car manufacturers. Daimler-Benz was formed with the merger of Benz & Cie., the world's oldest car company,[ 4 ] and Daimler Motormen Gesellschaft in 1926 . The company was renamed Daimler Chrysler upon the acquisition of the American automobile manufacturer, Chrysler Corporation in 1998 , it was renamed to Daimler upon the divestment of Chrysler in 2007 First Company Logos In 2021 , Daimler was the second-largest German automaker and the sixth-largest worldwide by production. In February 2022 , Daimler was renamed Mercedes-Benz Group as part of a transaction that spun-off its commercial vehicle segment as an independent company, Daimler Truck. The Mercedes Benz groups Marques are cars and vans . It has some other ve...

 OPEL Company Founder : Adam Opel Start-up Years : 1862 Country : Germany Opel find it's roots to a sewing machine manufacturer owned by Adam Opel in 1862 in Russelsheim am Main . This company later on began manufacturing bicycle in 1886 and launched its first automobile in 1899 .combined with Opel RAk program , the world's first Rocket program under the leadership of Fritz von Opel , this company played a great role in history of aviation and spaceflight. Some land speed records were achieved and the world's first rocket-powered flights were performed in 1928 and 1929 . Opel Logo After listing on stock market in   1929  General Motors took a majority stake in Opel and then full control in  1931 , making the automaker a wholly owned subsidiary, establishing an American ownership of the German automaker for nearly 90 years.[1] Together with British manufacturer Vauxhall Motors, which GM had acquired in  1925 , the two companies formed the backbone of GM's...

  TATRA Company Founder :  lgnatz Schustala Start-up Year : 1850 Country : Czech Republic But Tatra is a Czech vehicle manufacture from koprivnice . It is made by Tatra trucks as. company . It is known as third oldest company in the world manufacturing motor vehicle with an unbroken history. The founder of this company was lgnatz Schustala & Cie in 1850 .This company is became a joint stock company in 1890 and was renamed by Nesselsdorfer Wagenbau-Fabriksgesellschaft.In 1897 he produced the president and which was the first factory produced automobile with petrol engine made in Central and Eastern Europe. The first truck was made a year later in 1898  In 1918 the company was renamed Kopřivnická vozovka as. and it changed in 1919 from Nesselsdorfer marque to the Tatra badge named after the nearby Tatra Mountains on the Czechoslovak-Polish border (now on the Polish-Slovak border). Company Logo  In the interwar period Tatra became the international prominence ...

Benz Patent-Motorwagen Founder Name :    Karl Benz Start-up Year : 1886 Country : Germany The Benz Patent-Motorwagen was created in 1886 by German Karl Benz. It is regarded the first practical modern automobile and was the first car put into production. It was patented in January but public after one year. The original cost of this car was 600 imperial German marks . First two year Karl Benz drove the car publicly than Karl's wife  bertha demonstrated in feasibility in a trip from Mannheim to Pforzheim in August .Around the same year he became the first commercially available automobile in history. First logo Emile Roger was made the engine under license in France and he was the  first person to buy Benz car. He was also the salesperson of Benz Patent-Motorwagen in France , selling one to Emily Levassor. The patent Motorwagen was shown at an exhibition in Munich.    First Model  Winning a Gold Meda l . The creation of patent Motorwagen made Karl...

 PEUGEOT Founder Name :  Armand Peugeot Start-up Year : 1810 Countr y  : France The family business of Peugeot was established  in 1810 .Making the first oldest car company in the world on November 1858 Emile Peugeot applied for the lion trademark. Armand Peugeot built the first vehicle a steam tricycle. Later the company collaborated with Leon serpollet followed by the development of internal combustion car . Which used Panhard Daimler engine . The Peugeot family and company are originally from Sochaux and he still operate a large manufacturing facility and the Peugeot museum.  Oldest motor vehicle  Armand Peugeot interested in automobile and meet with Gottleib Daimler and other were convinced. The first Peugeot automobile a three wheeler steam power car . Peugeot First Car Design   Design by Leon serpollet . Steam power was heavy and bulky and require a warmup time. After meeting with Daimler and Emily Levassor , steam was in favour of four ...

Engine Compression Ratio The efficiency of internal combustion engine depends on several factors the most important is expansion ratio. The work of any heat engine which can be extracted from its proportion to the difference between the starting and ending phase during the expansion phase. While increasing the starting pressure is an effective way to increase the work extracted.    It is calculated purely from the geometry of the mechanical part . The greater the expansion ratio, the more efficient engine, in principle and higher compression ratio convention engine in principle need gasoline with the higher octane value, the simplistic analysis is complicated by difference between actual and geometric ratio. High octane value has high fuel tendency to burn is called as  (detonation) . The engine that utilized compression than spark ignition had a very high compression ratio . The efficiency of internal combustion engine depends on several factors the most important is exp...

 Engine Efficiency The thermal energy is combine between the total energy contained in fuel  and this amount of energy perform useful work .  These are two classified thermal energies       1) Internal Combustion       2) External Combustion These engine has thermal efficiency characteristics that are unique to it Engine efficiency, transmission design, and tire design all contribute to a vehicle's fuel efficiency. 1) Internal Combustion Engine:- The first commercially successful internal combustion engine was created by Etienne Lenoir around 1860 and this engine is known as Otto engine and was created in 1876 by Nicolaus Otto . This term  of engine is usually refer to an engine in which combustion is intermitted, familiar as two stroke and four stroke engine piston engine and have a variant such as six stroke piston engine and Wankel rotary engine. The second class of internal combustion engine use continuous combustion ga...

PETROL ENGINE  NICOLAUS AUGUST OTTO and EUGEN LANGEN  invented petrol engine . NICOLAUS AUGUST OTTO  and  EUGEN LANGEN  first practical petrol engine built in 1876 in Germany. although there had been earlier attempts by Etienne Lenoir in 1860 , Siegfried Marcus in 1864  and George Brayton in 1873 .  THEMODYNAMIC CYCLE ፦  Some petrol engine have 4 stroke,  Otto cycle, Two stroke cycle, Miller cycle and Atkinson cycle they do not produce air pollution.   ENGINE TYPES . Most powerful petrol piston engine  are four types .  1) Straight engines 2) V engines 3) Flat engines 4) W engine Straight Engine . It is also known as inline engine and have  multi cylinder piston engine . These cylinder are arranged in single row, rather than radially or in two or more cylinder banks . Overview . It is easier to build rather than others. It uses one cylinder head rather than two it is narrower than flat engine or V engine. They are longer ...

 ENGINES Two types of engines  STEAM ENGINE :- In 20th centuries steam engine was most developed engine it is successful because of the public familiarity and one more reason is that it is less expensive than other cars  , in the middle  steam engine had some issue due to popularity, it is difficult to drive and take time to start approximately 30 minutes and had a risk of engine explosion and they were heavy and relatively inefficient and have a limited miles after 1920 there were no steam engine in road   ELECTRIC ENGINE  :-  In the end of 19th century electric engine have popularity among people .it have many advantages rather than other. It is clean, quiet, dependable and easy to drive. And it has biggest disadvantage of battery system and it has a range of 25-40 miles. It is mostly used in urban areas and in rural communities they had electricity in limited hours. And electric batteries require some maintained, and were prone to breakdown. While i...

 Introduction Of Automobile Industry Automobile Industry Originated Automobile industry was start in 1860s, it is rooted in development of gasoline engine in France and Germany  and the first automobile was begun on January 29 1886 Benz was known as the father of automobile industry and the first engine was made is steam engine . The First Car Company It is difficult to determine the first car among  Vauxhall, Peugeot, Ford and  many more. The first company to build cars for Panhard et Levassor. Type 1  A steam car that has three wheels which was extubated in 1889 with the collaboration of a well known engineer Leon serpollet Type 2  The second type car, was which had four wheels that is known as Peugeot and it is delivered on second October 1891